Chlorophyll fluorometer DUAL-PAM-100

Immediately after its market launch, the DUAL-PAM-100 became the gold standard for parallel recording of photosystem II and photosystem I activities. The DUAL-PAM-100 excels by its outstanding opto-electronical properties which are based on the use of latest-generation components and precision engineering. The basic system consists of a high performance PAM chlorophyll fluorometer to analyze photosystem II, and a dual wavelength absorbance spectrometer to analyze photosystem I. A ground-breaking pulse-modulation technique has been developed to measure these two signals concurrently and at outstandingly high time resolution. In principle, the system measures a single-channel signal together with a two-channel difference signal. In the basic system, these two signals are PAM fluorescence of photosystem II, and the absorption change of photosystem I. The DUAL-PAM-100 is not confined to the analyses of photosystems I and II. For instance, the accessory “P515/535 emitter-detector module” measures scattering changes as single-channel absorption signal at 535 nm, and the electrochromic band shift of membrane energization as two-channel signal with 515 nm as sample and 550 nm as reference wavelength. Distinctive Features of the DUAL-PAM-100 •Red, blue, and far-red actinic light. Saturating single and multiple turnover flashes. •All light sources can be switched with 2.5 μs time resolution under software control. •Saturation pulse method for photosystem I analysis. •Klughammer-Flux method to determine the number of electrons flowing through a PSI reaction center per time. •Fully programmable using script files. Macro recorder for easy programming of triggered run tables.